IELTS Master Class
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Week 1
L1. Lesson 13 Activities|3 Exam Practice -
L1. Lesson 22 Activities|1 Assessment
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L1. Lesson 34 Activities|4 Exam Practice
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Week 2L1. Lesson 42 Activities|1 Assessment
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L1. Lesson 54 Activities|4 Exam Practice
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L1. Lesson 62 Activities|1 Assessment
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Week 3L1. Lesson 73 Activities|2 Exam Practice
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L1. Lesson 82 Activities|1 Assessment
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L1. Lesson 93 Activities|3 Exam Practice
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Week 4L1. Lesson 102 Activities|1 Assessment
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L1. Lesson 113 Activities|3 Exam Practice
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L1. Lesson 122 Activities|1 Assessment
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Week 5L1. Lesson 132 Activities|2 Exam Practice
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L1. Lesson 142 Activities|1 Assessment
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L1. Lesson 152 Activities|2 Exam Practice
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Week 6L1. Lesson 162 Activities|1 Assessment
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L1. Lesson 171 Activity|1 Assessment
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L1. Lesson 182 Activities|1 Assessment
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Week 7L1. Lesson 192 Activities|1 Assessment
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L1. Lesson 202 Activities|1 Assessment
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L1. Lesson 213 Activities|3 Exam Practice
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Week 8L1. Lesson 222 Activities|1 Assessment
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L1. Lesson 232 Activities|1 Assessment
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L1. Lesson 241 Activity|1 Assessment
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Question 1 of 1
1. Question
A Comprehensive Overview of Brutalist Architecture
A. Brutalist architecture is an architectural style which emerged during the 1950s in the United Kingdom, among the reconstruction projects of the post-war era. Brutalist buildings are characterised by minimalist constructions that showcase the bare building materials and structural elements over decorative design. The style commonly makes use of exposed, unpainted concrete or brick, angular geometric shapes and a predominantly monochrome colour palette; other materials, such as steel, timber, and glass, are also featured.
B. Descending from the modernist movement, Brutalism is said to be a reaction against the nostalgia of architecture in the 1940s. Derived from the Swedish phrase nybrutalism, the term “New Brutalism” was first used by British architects Alison and Peter Smithson for their pioneering approach to design. The style was further popularised in a 1955 essay by architectural critic Reyner Banham, who also associated the movement with the French phrases béton brut (“raw concrete”) and art brut (“raw art”).
C. The movement has elicited support from architects and local communities (with many brutalist buildings having become cultural icons, sometimes obtaining listed status). In the United Kingdom, Brutalism was featured in the design of utilitarian, low-cost social housing influenced by socialist principles and soon spread to other regions around the world. Brutalist designs became most commonly used in the design of institutional buildings, such as universities, libraries, courts and city halls.
D. The popularity of the movement began to decline in the late 1970s, with some associating the style with urban decay and totalitarianism. Specific buildings, as well as the movement as a whole, drew a range of criticism (often being described as “cold” or “soulless”). In recent decades, the movement has become a subject of renewed interest. In 2006, several Bostonian architects called for a rebranding of the style to “Heroic architecture” to distance itself from the negative connotations of the term “brutalism”.
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Questions 1 – 4
Reading Passage 1 has four sections, A-D.
Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
i. The Popularity of Socialism in the UK
ii. Designing Utilitarian Universities
iii. A Simple Style
iv. The Birth of Brutalism
v. The Rebirth of Brutalism
vii. Fans and Critics
viii. Where Brutalist Architecture Was Used
Example Answer
Section A iii
1. Section B
2. Section C
3. Section D
CorrectIncorrect -